In a recent study posted to the bioRxiv* preprint server, researchers in the Netherlands assessed the indirect and direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.22 lineage transmission across domestic cats in an experimental environment.

​​​​​​​Study: Efficient direct and limited environmental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.22 in domestic cats. ​​​​​​​Image Credit: Magui RF / Shutterstock

Background

Few experimental investigations on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission among cats depicted that infected cats transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other cats by contact or aerosol transmission. A systematic evaluation of these experimental findings, supplemented with data from households, confirmed that prolonged direct contact viral transmission among cats and that the chance of indirect transmission through aerosol is likely, though less plausible than direct contact transmission.

The potential of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in cats through exposure to contaminated surfaces or settings has yet to be investigated. It is possible that cat-to-human SARS-CoV-2 transmission could occur in contaminated environments if cats exposed to other cats with the virus were infected. Furthermore, a recent report suggesting a probable cat-to-human SARS-CoV-2 transmission underscores the likelihood of this transmission channel, considering the closeness of humans and pets.

About the study

In the current research, the investigators conducted an exhaustive study to describe the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.22 lineage among cats, both via direct and indirect contact, in a more detailed manner. For that purpose, the team determined the transmission rate and decay parameters for the SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in the environment. They primarily measured the duration of SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness in a setting with contaminated surfaces.

The researchers conducted a transmission test in domestic cats following infection with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the likelihood of cats transmitting SARS-CoV-2 through a contaminated environment and offer additional proof of direct contact COVID-19 transmission.

Four separately housed cat pairs were used to evaluate direct COVID-19 transmission and contamination of the environment, i.e., a pen, where two new naive cats per contaminated pen were placed after the pair of cats used to estimate direct transmission were removed. The sample size was estimated using information from the study of Gonzales et al.

Rectal and oral swabs were collected frequently, while oropharyngeal and nasal swabs were sampled only at a few time points. Heparinized blood and sera samples were obtained from all cats. Environmental samples (litter box, wall, floor, toy, and feeding tray) were taken day-to-day from all pens. Besides, the scientists assessed COVID-19 transmission by employing seroconversion or single-gene polymerase chain reaction (sgPCR) as indicators of successful infection.

Experimental design of one out of four replicate groups. (a) Schematic timeline. One cat was inoculated intranasally on D0, and brought in contact with a naïve cat on D1 in pen A. On D6, these two cats were exchanged with two other naïve cats. Blood samples, oropharyngeal swabs and nasal swabs were collected under general anaesthesia on D0, D8, D15 and upon euthanasia. Oral and rectal swabs were collected more frequently without anesthesia. Environmental samples were collected daily, and all cats were euthanized on D23 except of one cat who died before the end of the study by a cause not related to SARS-CoV-2. (b) Until D6, cat 1 (inoculated donor cat) and cat 2 (direct contact recipient cat) were housed in pen A and contaminated the environment. Cat 3 and cat 4 were housed in pen B, which was separated from pen A by a plastic separator and space. (c) From D6 onwards, cats 3 and 4 were housed in contaminated pen A. Cats 1 and 2 were housed in pen B.

Results

Using four cohorts of a pair-transmission assessment, the authors showed that all four donors, i.e., inoculated cats, became SARS-CoV-2 infected, shed virus, and seroconverted. Except for two cats with mild nasal discharge, these cats were clinically asymptomatic.

In addition, three of the four direct contact cats became infected, shed virus, and two among them became seroconverted. One of the eight cats subjected to an environment contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 contracted the virus yet did not seroconvert.

Infection probability. The infection probability for each observed interval in the experiment where the day of the start of the interval is given on the x-axis. The results for two fitted stochastic models are given: ‘SIR’ is the direct transmission SIR model and ‘environmental’ is the environmental transmission SIR model. Day 6 is highlighted in red, because this is the day when the inoculated cat was removed from pen A.

The team hypothesized that a lower dosage and intranasal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 would be an appropriate match for the donor cats' natural infection. Besides, the lack of evident clinical indications combined with viral shedding detected in nasal, oral, rectal, and oropharyngeal swabs, mild nonspecific histological features, seroconversion of inoculated animals, and direct contact transmission to naive cats was all consistent with earlier reports.

Statistical evaluation of the transmission findings yielded 1) a reproduction number, R0 of 2.18, 2) a transmission rate parameter, β of 0.23 day-1, and 3) a virus decay rate parameter, μ of 2.73 day-1. The current data indicated that SARS-CoV-2 transmission among cats could be sustained with an R0 of more than one. On the other hand, the infectiousness of the contaminated environment deteriorates quickly, with a mean infectiousness duration of 1/2.73 days, or 8.8 hours. Further, the researchers explained that SARS-CoV-2 infections of cats cannot be ruled out if exposure to a SARS-CoV-2-contaminated setting happened soon after contamination.

Conclusions

The research concluded that direct contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between cats is feasible even when the inoculation dose is low. Additionally, the current work depicts that the infectiousness of a SARS-CoV-2-contaminated environment degrades quickly, reducing the effectiveness of environmental COVID-19 transmission. The indirect, environmental transmission pathway, however, may still be viable. In addition, the present data showed that surveys that focus only on seroprevalence in cats might overlook the exact prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among cats.

*Important notice

bioRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established information.

Written by

Shanet Susan Alex

Shanet Susan Alex, a medical writer, based in Kerala, India, is a Doctor of Pharmacy graduate from Kerala University of Health Sciences. Her academic background is in clinical pharmacy and research, and she is passionate about medical writing. Shanet has published papers in the International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR), the International Journal of Pharmacy (IJP), and the International Journal of Medical Science and Applied Research (IJMSAR). Apart from work, she enjoys listening to music and watching movies.