The state of consciousness changes significantly during stages of deep sleep, just as it does in a coma or under general anesthesia. Scientists have long believed, but couldn’t be certain, that brain activity declines during sleep. Most research on sleep is conducted using electroencephalography (EEG), a method that entails measuring brain activity through electrodes placed along a patient’s scalp. However, Anjali Tarun, a doctoral assistant at EPFL’s Medical Image Processing Laboratory within the School of Engineering, investigated brain activity during sleep using magnetic resonance imaging.
Dimitri Van De Ville, who heads the lab, says, “MRI scans measure neural activity by detecting the hemodynamic response of structures throughout the brain, thereby providing important information in addition to EEGs.” During these experiments, Tarun relied upon EEG to identify when the study participants had fallen asleep and pinpoint the different stages of sleep. Then she examined the MRI images to generate spatial maps of neural activity and determine different brain states.
Difficult data to obtain
The only catch was that it wasn’t easy to perform brain MRIs on participants while they were sleeping. The machines are noisy, making it hard for participants to reach a state of deep sleep. But working with Prof. Sophie Schwartz at the University of Geneva and Prof. Nikolai Axmacher at Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Tarun could leverage simultaneous MRI and EEG data from around 30 people. The brain activity data were recorded over a period of nearly two hours while participants were sleeping in an MRI machine. “Two hours is a relatively long time, meaning we were able to obtain a set of rare, reliable data,” says Tarun. “MRIs carried out while a patient is performing a cognitive task usually last around 10 to 30 minutes.”
Brain activity during sleep
After checking, analyzing and comparing all the data, what Tarun found was surprising. “We calculated exactly how many times networks made up of different parts of the brain became active during each stage of sleep,” she says. “We discovered that during light stages of sleep—that is, between when you fall asleep and when you enter a state of deep sleep—overall, brain activity decreases. But communication among different parts of the brain becomes much more dynamic. We think that’s due to the instability of brain states during this phase.”
Van De Ville adds, “What really surprised us in all this was the resulting paradox. During the transition phase from light to deep sleep, local brain activity increased and mutual interaction decreased. This indicates the inability of brain networks to synchronize.”
The role of default-mode networks and the cerebellum
Consciousness is generally associated with neural networks that may be linked to our introspection processes, episodic memory and spontaneous thought. “We saw that the network between the anterior and posterior regions broke down, and this became increasingly pronounced with increasing sleep depth,” says Van De Ville. “A similar breakdown in neural networks was also observed in the cerebellum, which is typically associated with motor control.”
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