NHS could issue tougher ventilator guidance after Nightingale deaths

ALL NHS hospitals could get tougher guidelines on using ventilators after deaths of THREE Covid patients who were given wrong equipment at make-shift Nightingale in London

Deaths all occurred at Nightingale at the height of the first wave last spring
Staff did not attach vital tubes which prevent build up of mucus in airways
Coroner’s report said variability between machines was ‘extremely confusing’

NHS trusts in England could be issued with tougher ventilator guidance after three Covid patients died following a mix-up with breathing tubes, MailOnline can reveal.

In all three cases, filters which prevent the build-up of fluid were not attached to the machines, resulting in dangerous blockages.

The deaths occurred at London’s makeshift Nightingale Hospital at the height of the first wave last spring.

A coroner who probed two of the fatalities — Kishorkumar Patel, 58, and Kofi Aning, 66 — has asked watchdogs to take urgent action ‘to prevent future deaths’.

The report said that there was too much variability between machines, which amounted to an ‘extremely confusing situation’ for medics trying to operate them.

It warned that the issue was likely widespread through the NHS, and not just at the hastily-built Nightingales designed to ease Covid pressure on regular hospitals.

The coroner’s report has given watchdogs until September 1 to issue updated guidance to intensive care doctors and nurses about ventilators.

It calls for a standarised layout and colour coding across all ventilators, so staff trained to operate one specific model can use all different versions.

Experts speaking to MailOnline today backed the report but said the issue was likely ‘specific’ to the Nightingale due to the ‘extraordinary circumstances’ at the time.

Kishorkumar Patel (pictured with his son Anish in 2004) was one of three Covid patients to die at London’s makeshift Nightingale Hospital after a ventilator mix-up

Mr Patel, 58, from Sudbury, north west London, was initially admitted to Northwick Park Hospital on April 4, 2020, before he was transferred to the Nightingale Hospital in London

The Nightingale opened on April 3 last year and was one of seven temporary hospitals set up to take pressure off the NHS during the initial wave of the virus

A total of ten patients were affected by the ventilator filter mix-up at the Nightingale hospital in the ExCel Centre last April, MailOnline revealed yesterday.

A serious incident report at the time found staff failed to attach the heat and moisture exchange (HME) filters, which prevent the build-up of mucus.

A total of ten patients were affected by the ventilator filter mix-up at the Nightingale hospital in the ExCel Centre last April.

Three were fatal — in the cases of Kishorkumar Patel, 58, Kofi Aning, 66, and a third unnamed patient.

A serious incident report from the NHS at the time found staff failed to attach the heat and moisture exchange (HME) filters, which prevent the build-up of mucus.

It led to the breathing tubes becoming blocked and saw all patients ‘suffer harm’. They all required re-intubation.

Inquests into the deaths are scheduled for October.

In three cases it led to the breathing tubes becoming blocked and saw all patients ‘suffer harm’ and require re-intubation. All three patients eventually passed away.

It has not been determined whether the filter incidents contributed to the deaths of Mr Patel, Mr Aning and the third unnamed patient. Inquests into the deaths are scheduled for October.

Coroner Nadia Persaud said the ‘confusing’ way in which the machines vary model to model could lead to future deaths.

She ruled the classification and colour coding was ‘worthy of review, simplification, and standardisation’.

The original coroner’s report, released last month, was sent to the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine.

It read: ‘In my opinion, the non-standardised colour coding used by manufacturers of these filters, the number of different types of filters with different names, the variable optimal position of the filters, and whether a wet or a dry breathing system is being used, results in an extremely confusing situation.’

The report added: ‘In my opinion there is a risk that future deaths could occur unless action is taken.

‘The concerns raised by the independent expert are not confined to the Nightingale, emergency provision hospitals, but relate equally to all intensive care settings, particularly when the intensive care provision has to be extended to other areas of the hospital.’

A serious incident report found Nightingale staff failed to attach the heat and moisture exchange (HME) filters, which prevent the build-up of mucus, in three cases. All three patients died in the following weeks but it’s not clear if the error played a role

The coroner’s report: Key findings and critical actions

Key findings:

Anaesthetic machines were being used to provide ventilation to patients for long periods of time. The machines were being used for a function that they were not designed for.

There was a lack of expertise within the clinical team working in the ICU – it was noted that non-anaesthetic ICU consultants were not familiar with the anaesthetic machines being used.

The correct use of filters and their position within the circuit was complicated and may not have been clear to all ICU staff.

There were multiple filers available for use with the machines and it was not immediately obvious on sight which filters were HME.

Suctioning was undertaken by staff with limited expertise and the machines in use may not be as effective as standard ICU suction machines.

There were different types of ventilators in place which may have contributed to potential confusion regarding what each patient needs.

Recommendations:

A checklist of the ventilator circuit is written and implemented at the start of every shift, to be completed by the anaesthetist and ODP to ensure correct circuit set up and humidification.

Gain assurance that bedside nursing staff are clear on the mechanism for checking suction machines.

Swap out anaesthetic machines for ICU ventilators with appropriate humidifiers within the circuit – nullifying the need for HME filters.

There needs to be further discussion with NHSI/Supply chain regarding equipment for patient ventilation at NHL.

The risk associated with using anaesthetic machines as ventilators at NHL is escalated to the hospital risk register.

Neither body has yet to officially respond to the Ms Persaud’s request, which gave them a deadline of September 1. Both declined to comment when approached by MailOnline today.

Experts have said the tragic cases were the result of an ‘extraordinary’ set of circumstances borne out of the pandemic, rather than a widespread issue.

Professor Hugh Montgomery, an intensivist at University College London who was speaking in a personal capacity, told MailOnline today: ‘I’ve not heard of this being an issue anywhere else, nor have I ever seen it on an ICU on which I have worked.

‘The cases all occurred at the Nightingale Hospital, which was set up as an extraordinary one-off structure, and generally not staffed in the same manner as ordinary “on site” ICUs, nor by “teams that routinely work together” as in such existing ICUs.

‘My instinct is thus that this was a rare event, the likelihood of which occurring was increased by the extraordinary circumstances pertaining at the time and specific to that location.’

Dr Ron Daniels, an intensive care doctor and chief executive of Sepsis UK, backed calls for ventilators used in the UK to be standardised.

He told MailOnline: ‘It’s entirely logical and appropriate to remove any opportunity for user error. Standardisation is vital and hugely important for that.

But he revealed he had never heard of a ventilator mix-up in his time on the front lines in intensive care.

Dr Daniels said that Nightingale staff were ‘treating more patients’ than they would have been used to and under intense pressure, which he described as ‘circumstances which allow error to creep in’.

He accepted that the problem could occur in other ICUs, where ‘agency staff might be moving from one intensive care unit to another’.

‘If they are using equipment they are unfamiliar with, then there’s an increased opportunity for human error.’

The Nightingale Hospital in London, which was opened by Prince Charles on April 3, was one of seven temporary hospitals opened to great fanfare at the start of the pandemic last year, along with centres in Birmingham, Manchester, Exeter, Harrogate in North Yorkshire, Bristol and Washington in Tyne and Wear.

Prior to its opening, images from inside the field hospital showed military personnel erecting cubicles and carrying equipment into the transformed centre- which was set to hold up to 4,000 Covid-19 patients.

The centre was hastily put up in less than two weeks in March, amid fears the capital’s hospitals could be overwhelmed by spiralling Covid-19 admissions.

However by May 6, 2020, the Government dashboard showed only five patients remained at the facility and just six weeks later the hospital was moved to ‘standby’ and closed its doors on May 15.

Figures later showed the temporary hospital only treated a total of 54 patients.

Efforts were then launched to re-construct a ‘scaled-down’ version of the mothballed hospital and the facility was reopened in January this year to admit non-Covid patients in order to ease the pressure in the critical care wards across the capital.

In March, medical staff at the Nightingale Hospital defended the creation of facility but admitted the complexity of coronavirus led to issues.

In a paper in the medical journal Intensive Care Medicine, the doctors disclosed 54 patients were treated for Covid between April 7 and May 7 and all those admitted were invasively ventilated at the time of admission.

In their paper the staff said that it ‘remains moot’ whether the facility was the best way of treating patients.

London bus driver, 58, was among three Covid patients to die at capital’s NHS Nightingale Hospital after inexperienced staff failed to use ventilator properly

Among the patients to have been affected by the incident was Kishorkumar Patel, 58, a London bus driver, who was initially admitted to Northwick Park Hospital on April 4, 2020, after experiencing shortness of breath, coughing and fatigue.

The father-of-six, from Sudbury, north west London, who achieved a first-degree black belt in Kung Fu at the age of 55, was one of the first patients to be transferred to the ExCel centre for coronavirus treatment on April 7.

Mr Patel, who had no underlying health conditions, spent 19 days at the hospital before he died on April 26.

Seven days before his death, Mr Patel’s family were told an engineer at the hospital had discovered that the ET tube in his windpipe, which provides oxygen to a patient, was blocked as a result of an ‘incorrect filter’ in his ventilator.

Mr Patel’s sister Ursha Lee (pictured), 55, from Wembley, was told there had been an error with the filter in her brother’s ventilator machine and this had caused his breathing tube to become blocked

A Serious Incident Report (SIR) sent to the family later described how medical staff discovered heat and moisture exchange filters had not been used in his intensive care ventilator – resulting in a lack of any humidification in the machine.

The incident would have ‘reduced effectiveness’ of the ventilator and ‘contributed to Mr Patel’s deterioration on April 19’, a letter to the family from Barts Health NHS Trust also added.

The health trust said an antiviral filter was used in place of the HME but have not been able to tell the family on what type of ventilator machine – a Penlon anaesthetic machine or a Draeger ICU ventilator – it was used on.

The SIR report also described how the blocked breathing tube was discovered just four days after Mr Patel suffered pulseless electrical activity (PEA) – a form of cardiac arrest – however it is still not clear if the blocked tube contributed to this.

A Barts Health spokesman claimed that despite ‘investigating the circumstances and changing their practices’ they ‘did not believe the filter was a direct cause of Mr Patel’s death’.

But the spokesman did not comment on whether it was a contributing factor in the death, and instead pointed to the upcoming inquest, which will be held on October 4.

Describing the day her brother was admitted to hospital, Mr Patel’s sister Ursha Lee, 55, from Wembley, said: ‘It all started with a WhatsApp message to my brother’s daughter. I had just asked her if she was well but all of a sudden I received a reply from her which read: ”Ambulance just took dad.”

‘Suddenly a barrage of feelings consumed me all at the same time. I just felt sheer panic, shock and worry.

‘My brother was not the type of person to seek help, so deep inside I knew he must have been in a serious condition to have accepted being taken to hospital.’

Mr Patel, who was a London bus driver, spent 19 days at the ExCel Centre before he died on April 26 of Covid. Pictured: Mr Patel on the N18 bus (left) and achieving his first-degree black belt in Kung Fu in 2017 (right)

A day after he was admitted to hospital, Ms Lee and her family briefly spoke with Mr Patel over FaceTime and tried to provide him with some form of comfort.

Ms Lee continued: ‘It was a short call, only around 2-3 minutes, as he couldn’t talk due to having a shortness of breath and we didn’t want to tire him out.

‘We asked if he was ok and he simply gave us a thumbs up. This was undoubtedly a very frightening and daunting time for him to be alone in hospital without family.

‘There was a look he gave me that I remember to this day, something I had not seen from my brother’s eyes ever before. Something was just not right.

‘This phone call to him was to give some form of comfort. I wanted him to know that we were there for him and that he was not alone. I hope we provided that to him, even for a little while.’

On April 6, Ms Lee and her family received a call informing them her brother would be transferred to the Nightingale Hospital in London the following day.

She said: ‘We were told he was going to be transferred to the Nightingale Hospital on April 7. We felt like we had been thrown into that decision.

The father-of-six, who achieved a first-degree black belt in Kung Fu at the age of 55, was one of the first patients to be transferred to the ExCel centre on April 7

‘My family’s initially questioned this, especially as just the night before we had been told he was put on a ventilator. But it looked like there was no alternative to us. We at the time were just walking with what could have been a blindfold over our eyes. We couldn’t see him.

‘There was slight apprehension with him being sent to the Nightingale as it was a new hospital that we knew very little about and to add to that it was quite a distance from us.

‘But we just clung onto the positives because that is all we had to keep us going at the time – hope.’

Over the following the days Mr Patel was put on a ventilator and his family would receive daily calls from a telephone operator at the Nightingale about his health.

But they were not able to speak with members of staff directly involved in his care.

Ms Lee said: ‘I was filled with worry as I waited every day for a bit of news about my brother. Our only line of communication was to hear what was being conveyed to us over a phone line by an operator who was put in charge of transfers.

‘I remember watching the news on the day my brother was transferred, seeing patients being taken to the Nightingale by ambulance and just thinking ”I wonder if my brother is inside this ambulance and is he safe and well?”’

However on the evening of April 18, an engineer at the hospital discovered Mr Patel’s ET tube had become blocked with secretions due to an incorrect filter in his ventilator circuit.

Ms Lee and her family were called by the engineer the following day who told them the wrong filter had been used in Mr Patel’s breathing machine. They apologised for the incident and said a letter would be issued.

She said: ‘It was early morning on a Sunday when my nephew received a call from an engineer at the Nightingale telling him that wrong filters had been used on a series of ventilators – including my brother’s – and this had led to his breathing tube being blocked.

‘I remember that day quite clearly. I just thought this has got to quite serious for someone like an engineer to be calling us on a Sunday morning.

‘The engineer apologised for the incident and said a letter would be issued to the family about the incident.

‘My family and I were absolutely devastated to learn this had happened while my brother was under the care of professionals. He was supposed to be having one-to-one care surely. I was equally saddened to hear that nine other patients had also been affected by this.

‘My brother was already in a bad state and I just felt this incident would only exacerbate the situation.

‘I was just in shock. I just thought what are the implications to this? That question just kept on going through my head. We asked the engineer to provide us with some form of report and explanation. We wanted to know how the filter error would affect my brother’s life.

‘I just kept on thinking of what my brother may have felt or how he may have suffered as a result of the incident.

‘I was up all night filled with worry and panic. I just didn’t understand how this had occurred and what would happen now.’

The father was among the first patients to have been transferred to the Nightingale for coronavirus treatment in April last year. Pictured: Mr Patel with his children Sarita, Kiran, Zoe, Aakash, Shane and Anish

Just two days later, on April 21, Ms Lee and her family received a call from the Labs and Research department at the hospital seeking permission to enroll her brother into a drugs trial.

She said: ‘We were initially hesitant and did not feel he was fit enough to undergo any trials. He was on dialysis, he had suffered a cardiac arrest, he was on antibiotics, he was taking drugs for the heart. This is excluding what we learnt later, that he had undergone two intubations on the 17th and another on the 19th.’

However on April 23, Mr Patel’s health continued to deteriorate and his family received a call to say that doctors had determined he was now a DNAR patient, this in turn led the family to agree to the drug trials in an effort to save his life.

Ms Lee said: ‘They called to inform us that they had taken the decision to class my brother as a DNAR patient. They told us we had no say in the matter and that the doctors had confirmed that decision. It was heartbreaking. At this point we agreed to the drug trials. We were ready to do whatever we could to keep him alive.

‘It was a living nightmare. A waiting game where we had no idea what cards were going to be shown to us next.’

However on April 26, Mr Patel’s 22-year-old son Anish received a call telling him his father was dying and that he should go to the Nightingale as soon as he could to say his goodbye.

Ms Lee said: ‘I will never forget that day. I will never forget the sound of my nephew on the phone to me saying he needed to get to the hospital and hearing my brother’s wife crying.

‘Just hours later I received a call telling me my brother had passed away. I felt totally alone. I had lost my best friend, my warrior and my strength.

‘I wanted to cry out but I couldn’t. I didn’t know how I would tell my 83-year-old mother who I care for. How do you tell a mother her son is no longer alive?

‘I also thought about my brother’s six beautiful children. Their hurt and their pain.’

A month later, Barts Health Trust sent the family a Serious Incident Report that confirmed that ten ventilated patients had been identified as not having heat & moisture exchange (HME) filters within their ventilator circuits – with harm recorded for three of these patients.

The report said Mr Patel required re-intubation after his ET tube was found to be blocked.

It went on to suggest a number of reasons that could have led to the error, including a ‘lack of expertise within the clinical team working in the ICU’ and ‘potential confusion regarding what each patient needs’ due to the different types of ventilators in place.

The report said there were ‘multiple, potentially confusing disposable filters’ available for staff and it would not have been ‘immediately obvious on sight which filters are HME’.

It added the correct use of filters and their position within the circuit was ‘complicated’ and may not have been clear to all ICU employees before going on to state that suctioning was undertaken by staff with ‘limited expertise’.

The report also said that ventilation was being provided to the majority of patients using anaesthetic machines, which are designed to provide short term ventilation in the operating theatre under the use and supervision of an anaesthetist and operating department practitioner (ODP).

When used in the ICU setting these machines can create a ‘high risk scenario’, with the use of filters within the machines being one of them, according to the report.

Despite questions from the family as to what ventilator Mr Patel had been on during his treatment at the hospital – a Penlon anaesthetic machine or a Draegar ICU ventilator- staff have not been unable to find this information.

The report also added: ‘It has not possible to verify if the patients involved in this case were on a wet or dry circuit.’

A ‘wet circuit’ is a breathing machine with active humidification while a ‘dry circuit’ requires a heat and moisture exchange (HME) filter to provide adequate humidification.

Ms Lee continued: ‘The report provided two sentences on my brother’s condition. It said the ET Tube had been blocked and mentioned and that four days earlier he had suffered a PEA arrest following proning.

‘There were no time references, especially regarding the event of the 18th, and one page was fully dedicated to a Glossary of Terms. I was devastated by the report. Both in terms of its content and its explanation of events.’

Mr Patel’s son Anish was also sent a letter of apology from Barts Health Trust which said the filter error had ‘reduced effectiveness of the circuit’ and ‘contributed to his father’s deterioration on 19th April’.

A section of the letter read: ‘We discovered that an issue had occurred with the filter in the breathing circuit that was providing ventilation to your father. The wrong filter had been placed in the circuit and as a result the circuit was not functioning as effectively as it could be.

‘We feel that the reduced effectiveness of the circuit and contributed to his deterioration on 19th April; it is very difficult to say if this event contributed to his sad death.’

Now, more than a year after her brother’s death, Ms Lee believes the temporary hospital, which was the first of the Nightingale hospitals to open, was not equipped to meet the demands of the pandemic.

She continued: ‘It was a fast train going at high speed, but it didn’t have a driver.

‘It wasn’t equipped with sufficient equipment and staff lacked expertise. It was a catastrophe.

‘I also don’t feel my brother should have been transferred there in the first place.

‘Months after his death we discovered that he had been attended to by a medical crash team soon after he was discharged from Northwick Park.

‘We didn’t know that until we received our first bundle of documents from the courts. We weren’t told.’

Following her brother’s death, Ms Lee has also been in contact with Northwick Park to try and locate her brother’s phone – which remains the only possession he had on him when he was taken to the hospital.

She added: ‘We contacted Northwick Park Hospital in order to obtain his phone as we had been told by a nurse prior to his transfer that his possessions would be placed in a secure location. But we were absolutely stunned to hear they did not have his mobile phone.

‘His phone contained an array of family photographs and memories and our last moments with him were on that phone call to him. I don’t understand how it just went missing.’

Mr Patel’s family are now preparing for a coroner’s inquest into his death which is due to take place on October 4.

Ms Lee added: ‘It has been incredibly stressful but I keep on going for my brother.

‘There are so many key elements that made my brother who he was. The foremost was his humility, his mental strength and his devotion to his six children whom he loved unconditionally.

‘He was well known within the neighbourhood and even after completing a full nightshift on the N18 bus he would avidly run around his local park around 10 times before going home to sleep.

‘He lived his life as a simple and gentle man and was a prime example of a humble soul.’

Last month it emerged that a second patient, Kofi Aning, 66, from Enfield, north London, who worked as a carer, was also among the patients to have been affected by a wrong filter in his breathing system.

He sadly passed away on April 23.

A Barts Health spokesperson said: ‘We offer our deepest sympathies to Mr Patel’s family.

‘We have fully investigated the circumstances, changed our practice accordingly and do not believe that the incident with the filter was a direct cause of Mr Patel’s death.

‘This will be further considered by the coroner at the inquest.’

The centre was hastily put up in less than two weeks in March, amid fears the capital’s hospitals could be overwhelmed by spiralling Covid-19 admissions.

However by May 6, 2020, the Government dashboard showed only five patients remained at the facility and just six weeks later the hospital was moved to ‘standby’ and closed its doors on May 15.

Figures later showed the temporary hospital only treated a total of 54 patients.

In March, medical staff at the Nightingale Hospital defended the creation of facility but admitted the complexity of coronavirus led to issues.

In their paper the staff said that it ‘remains moot’ whether the facility was the best way of treating patients.

They wrote: ‘Whether the NHL blueprint was the optimal model of care or represented appropriate resource allocation remains moot but it was deemed necessary at a time of crisis.’

The doctors went on to say: ‘The operating model as originally conceived was based on previous (influenza) pandemics. Subsequent clinical experience highlights that the clinical syndrome of Covid-19 and the spectrum and duration of multi-organ support requires comprehensive critical care capacity. Future planning should account for this.’

Earlier this year NHS England announced four out of the seven Nightingale Hospitals across the country would close permanently.

The facilities in Birmingham, Manchester, Bristol and Harrogate shut their doors permanently in April while the three remaining Nightingales, in Exeter, London and Sunderland, will be kept either as extra NHS capacity for routine work or as Covid vaccine centres.

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